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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAR-CAU |
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CARLSBAD , or KAISER-KARLSBAD (Czech, Karlovy Vary), a town and celebrated watering-place of Bohemia, Austria, 116 m. W.N.W. of Prague by rail. Pop. (woo) 14,64o. It is situated at an altitude of 1227 ft. and lies in the beautiful narrow and winding valley of the. Tepl at its junction with the Eger, being hemmed in by precipitous granite hills, covered with magnificent forests of pine. The town is spread on both banks of the river and in the valley of the Eger, its houses being built up the mountain sides in tier above tier of terraces approached by long flights of steps or steep and tortuous roads. This irregularity of site and plan, together with the varied form and high-pitched roofs of the houses, makes the place very picturesque. Among the principal buildings of Carlsbad are the Catholic parish church, built in 17321736 in rococo style; the gorgeous Russian church, finished in 1897; the English church; and a handsome synagogue
spring of Carlsbad; and several hospitals and hospices for poor patients. Both banks of the Tepl are provided with quais, planted with trees, which constitute the chief
The mineral
mineral
spring is the Sprudel, a hot geyser with a temperature of 164 F., which gushes up in jets of 12 ft. thick to a height of about 31 ft., and delivers about 405 gallons of water per minute. Other springs are the Muhlbrunnen, with a temperature of 121 F., which is after the Sprudel the most used spring; the Neubrunnen (138 F.); the Kaiser-Karl-Quelle (112 F.); the Theresienbrunnen (134 F.), &c. The warm springs belong to the class of alkaline-saline waters and have all the same chemical composition, varying only in their degree of temperature. The chemical composition of the Sprudel, taken to a thousand parts of water, is: 2.405 sulphate of soda, 1.298 bicarbonate of soda, 1.042 chloride of soda, o.186 sulphate of potash, o.166 bicarbonate of magnesia, 0.012 bicarbonate of lithium, and o966 carbonic acid gas. They contain also traces of arsenic, antimony, selenium, rubidium, t'n and organic substances. The water is colourless and odourless, with a slightly acidulated and salt taste, and has a specific gravity of 1.0053 at 64.4 F. The waters are used both for drinking and bathing, and are very beneficent in cases of liver affections, biliary and renal calculi, diabetes, gout, rheumatism, and uric acid troubles. They are very powerful in their effect and must not be used except under medical direction, and during the cure, a carefully-regulated diet must be observed, coupled with a moderate amount of exercise in the open air. The number of visitors in 1901 was 51,454; in 1756 it was only 257; in 1828 it was 3713; and it attained 14,182 in 1869, and 34,396 in 189o.Carlsbad is encircled by mountains, covered with beautiful forests of pine, which are made accessible by well-kept paths. Just above the town towers the Hirschensprung (1620 ft.), a little farther the Freundschaftshohe (1722 ft.); the Franz-Josefs-Hohe (1663 ft.); and the Aberg (198o ft.). On the opposite bank of the Tepl lies the Rudolfshohe (1379 ft.); the Dreikreuzberg (1805 ft.); the Konig Otto's Hohe (196o ft.); and the Ewiges Leben (zo86 ft.), with the Stephaniewarte, a tower, 98 ft. high, built in 1889, which commands a superb view. The town is the centre of the porcelain
special
Many interesting places are to be found near Carlsbad. To the north is the village
porcelain
village
According to legend the springs of Carlsbad were discovered during a hunting expedition by the emperor Charles IV., who built the town, which derives its name from him, on both banks of the Tepl. But the hot springs were already known two centuries before, as is indicated by the name of the river Tepl (warm), under which name the river was known in the 12th century. Besides, on the same spot stood already in the 13th century a place called Vary, which means the Sprudel. The truth is, that the emperor Charles IV., after being cured here, built about 1358 a castle in the neighbourhood and accorded many privileges to the town. It obtained its charter as a town in 1370; the fame of the waters spread and it was created a royal free town in 1707 by the emperor Joseph I. The waters were used only for bathing purposes until 1520, when they began to be prescribed also for drinking. The first Kurhaus was erected in 1711 near the Muhlbrunnen, and was replaced by a larger one, built in 1761 by the empress Maria Theresa. Carlsbad was nearly completely destroyed by fire in 1604, and another great fire raged here in 1759. It also suffered much from inundations, especially in 1582 and 1890. In August 18r9 a meeting of the ministers of the German courts took place here under the presidency of Prince Metternich, when many reactionary measures, embodied in the so-called " Carlsbad Decrees " (see below), were agreed upon and introduced in the various states of the German Confederation. Among the extensive literature of the place see Mannl, Carlsbad and its Mineral Springs ( Leipzig
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