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Encyclopedia Britannica



CARLILE, RICHARD (1790-1843)

This article appears in Volume V05, Page 339 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAR-CAU
CARLILE, RICHARD (1790-1843) , English freethinker, was born on the 8th of December 1790, at
Ashburton
 , Devonshire, the son of a shoemaker. Educated in the
village
  school, he was apprenticed to a tinman against whose harsh treatment he frequently rebelled. Having finished his
apprenticeship
 , he obtained occupation in London as a journeyman tinman. Influenced by reading Paine's Rights of Man, he became an uncompromising radical, and in 1817 started pushing the sale of the Black Dwarf, a new weekly
paper
 , edited by
Jonathan
  Wooler, all over London, and in his zeal to secure the dissemination of its doctrines frequently walked 30 m. a day. In the same year he also printed and sold 25,000 copies of Southey's Wat Tyler, reprinted the suppressed Parodies of Hone, and wrote himself, in imitation of them, the Political Litany. This
work
  cost him eighteen weeks imprisonment. In 1818 he published Paine's works, for which
and for other publications of a like character he was fined 1500, and sentenced to three years' imprisonment in Dorchester
gaol
 . Here he published the first twelve volumes of his periodical the Republican. The publication was continued by his wife, who was accordingly sentenced to two years' imprisonment in 1821. A public subscription, headed by the duke of
Wellington
 , was now raised to prosecute
Carlile
 's assistants. At the same time
Carlile
 's furniture and stock-in-trade in London were seized, three years were added to his imprisonment in lieu of payment of his fine, his
sister
  was fined 500 and imprisoned for a year for publishing an address by him, and nine of his shopmen received terms of imprisonment varying from six months to three years. In 1825 the government decided to discontinue the prosecutions. After his release in that year Carlile edited the Gorgon, a weekly
paper
 , and conducted free discussions in the London Rotunda. For refusing to give sureties for good behaviour after a prosecution arising out of a refusal to pay church rates, he was again imprisoned for three years, and a similar resistance cost him ten weeks' more imprisonment in 18341835. He died on the loth of February 1843, after having spent in all nine years and four months in prison.


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