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Encyclopedia Britannica



CALUMET (Norm. Fr. form of chalumet, from Lat. calamus, a reed)

This article appears in Volume V05, Page 69 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAL-CAR
CALUMET (Norm. Fr. form of chalumet, from Lat. calamus, a reed) , the name given by the French in Canada to the " peace-pipe " of the American Indians. This pipe occupied among the tribes a position of peculiar symbolic significance, and was the object of profound veneration. It was smoked on all ceremonial occasions, even on declarations of war, but its
special
  use was at the making of
treaties
  of peace. It was usually about 22 ft.
long
 , and in the west the bowl was made of red pipestone (catlinite), a fine-grained, easily-worked stone of a
rich
  red colour found chiefly in the Coteau des Prairies west of Big Stone Lake, Dakota. The quarries were formerly neutral ground among the warring Indian tribes, many sacred traditions being associated with the locality and its product (Longfellow, Hiawatha, i.). The pipe
stem
  was of reed decorated with eagles' quills or women's
hair
 . Native tobacco mixed with willow-bark or sumac leaves was smoked. The pipe was offered as a supreme proof of hospitality to distinguished strangers, and its refusal was regarded as a grievous affront. In the
east
  and
south
 -
east
 , the bowl was of
white
  stone, sometimes pierced with several
stem
  holes so that many persons might smoke at once.
See Joseph D. Macguire (exhaustive report,64o pages), " Pipes andSmoking Customs of the American Aborigines" in SmitkconinReport (American Bureau of
Ethnology
 ) for 1897, vol. i.; and authorities quoted in Handbook of American Indians (Washington,19o7).


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