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Encyclopedia Britannica



CALIXTUS II

This article appears in Volume V05, Page 54 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAL-CAR
CALIXTUS II . (d. 1124),
pope
  from II19 to 1I24, was Guido, a member of a noble Burgundian family, who became archbishop of Vienne about 1088, and belonged to the party which favoured reform in the Church. In September 1112, after
Pope
  Paschal II. had made a surrender to the emperor
Henry
  V., Guido called a council at Vienne, which declared against lay
investiture
 , and excommunicated
Henry
 . In February 1119 he was chosen pope at Cluny in succession to Gelasius II., and in opposition to the
anti
 -pope Gregory VIII., who was in Rome. Soon after his consecration he opened negotiations with the emperor with a view to settling the dispute over
investiture
 . Terms of peace were arranged, but at the last moment difficulties arose and the treaty was abandoned; and in October 1119 both emperor and
anti
 -pope were excommunicated at a synod held at Reims. The journey of Calixtus to Rome early in 1120 was a triumphal march. He was received with
great
  enthusiasm in the city, while Gregory, having fled to Sutri, was delivered into his hands and treated with
great
  ignominy. Through the efforts of some German princes negotiations between pope and emperor were renewed, and the important
Concordat
  of Worms made in September 1122 was the result. This treaty, made possible by concessions on either side, settled the investiture controversy, and was confirmed by the Lateran council of March 1123. During his short reign Calixtus strengthened the authority of the papacy in southern Italy by military expeditions, and restored several buildings within the city of Rome. During preparations for a crusade he died in Rome on the 13th or 14th of December 1124.
See M. Maurer, Pabst Calixt H. (Munich, 1889); U. Robert, Histoire du ',ape Calixte H. (Paris, 1891) ; and A. Hauck's Realencyklopadie, Band iii. (
Leipzig
 , 1897).


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