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Encyclopedia Britannica



CALIXTUS I

This article appears in Volume V05, Page 54 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAL-CAR
CALIXTUS I .,
pope
  from 217 to 222, was little known before the discovery of the book of the Philosophumena. From this
work
 , which is in part a pamphlet directed against him, we learn that Calixtus was originally a slave and engaged in banking. Falling on evil times, he was brought into collision with the
Jews
 , who denounced him as a Christian and procured his
exile
  to Sardinia. On his return from
exile
  he was pensioned by
Pope
 
Victor
 , and, later, was associated by Pope Zephyrinus in the government of the Roman church. On the death of Zephyrinus (217) he was elected in his place and occupied the papal chair for five years. His theological adversary Hippolytus, the author of the Philosophumena, accused him of having favoured the modalist or Patripassian doctrines both before and after his election. Calixtus, however, condemned Sabellius, the most prominent champion of that system. Hippolytus accused him also of certain relaxations of discipline. It appears that Calixtus reduced the penitential severities applied until his time to those guilty of
adultery
  and other analogous sins. Under Calixtus and his two immediate successors, Hippolytus was the leader of a schismatic group, organized by way of protestagainst the election of Calixtus. Calixtus died in 222, in circumstances obscured by legends. In the time of
Constantine
  the Roman church reckoned him officially among the
martyr
  popes. (L. D.*)


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