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Encyclopedia Britannica



CALDER

This article appears in Volume V04, Page 984 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: BUN-CAL
CALDER , an ancient
district
  of Midlothian,
Scotland
 . It has been divided into the parishes of Mid-Calder (pop. in root 3132) and West- Calder (pop. 8092),
East
 -Calder belonging to the parish of Kirknewton (pop. 3221). The whole locality owes much of its commercial importance and prosperity to the enormous- development of the
mineral
  oil industry. Coal-mining is also extensively pursued,
sandstone
  and limestone are worked, and
paper
 . mills flourish. Mid-Calder, a town on the Almond (pop. 703), has an ancient church, and John Spottiswood (1510-1585), the Scottish reformer, was for many years minister. His sonsJohn, archbishop of St Andrews, and James (1567-1645),
bishop
  of Clogherwere both born at Mid-Calder. West-Calder is situated on Breich Water, an affluent of the Almond, 151 m. S.W. of Edinburgh by the Caledonian railway, and is the
chief
  centre of the
district
 . Pop. (1901) 2652. At Addiewell, about 11 m. S.W., the manufacture of ammonia, naphtha, paraffin oil and candles is carried on, the
village
  practically dating from 1866, and having in 1901 a population cif 1591. The Highland and Agricultural Society have an experimental farm at Pumpherston (pop. 1462). The district contains several tumuli, old ruined castles and a Roman camp in
fair
  preservation.


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