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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: BRI-BUN |
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BUGLE , BUGLE-HORN, KEYED BUGLE, KENT BUGLE Or REGENT'S BUGLE (Fr. Bugle, Clairon, Cor a clefs, Bugle a clefs; Ger. Flugelhorn, Signalhorn, Bugelhorn, Klappenhorn, Kenthorn; Ital. Corna cromatica), a treble brass wind instrument with cup-shaped mouthpiece and conical bore, used as a military duty and signal instrument. The bugle was originally, as its name denotes, a bull's horn,' of which it has preserved the characteristic conical bore of rapidly increasing diameter .Those members of the brass wind such as the horns, bugle, trumpet and tubas, which, in their simplest form, consist of tubes without lateral openings, depend for their scale on the harmonic series obtained by overblowing, i.e. by greater pressure of breath and by the increased tension of the lips, acting as reeds, across the mouth-piece. The harmonic series thus produced, which depends on the Fio. 1.Modern Service acoustic principles of the tubeBugle, British Army (Charles itself, and is absolutely uninfluenced Mahillon). by the manner in which the tube is bent, forms a natural subdivision in classifying these instruments:(r) Those in which the lower harmonics from the second to the sixth
Harmonic Series Trumpet. -0 2 We thus find a fundamental difference between the trumpet and the bugle as regards the harmonic series. But although, to the casual beholder, these instruments may present a general similarity, there are other important structural distinctions. The tube of the trumpet is cylindrical, widening only at the bell, whereas that of the bugle, as stated above, is conical. Both instruments have cup-shaped mouthpieces outwardly similar. The peculiar shape of the basins, however, at the place where they open into the tube, angular in the trumpet and bevelled in the bugle, taken in conjunction with the bore of the main tube, gives to the trumpet its brilliant blaring tone, and to the bugle its more veiled but penetrating quality, characteristic of the whole family? Only five notes are required for the various bugle-calls, although the actual compass of the instrument consists of eight, of which the first or fundamental, however, being of poor quality, is never used. There are bugles in C and in E flat, but the bugle in B flat is most generally used; the key of C is used in notation. ' The word is derived from Lat. buculus, a young bull. " Bugle," meaning a long jet or black glass bead, used in trimming ladies' dresses, is possibly connected with the Ger. Bagel, a bent piece of metal. The English name "bugle " is also given to a common labiate plant, the Ajuga reptans, not to be confused with the " Bugloss " or Anchusa ofl'icinalis. 2 For diagrams of these mouthpieces see V. C. Mahillon, Elements d'acouslique (Brussels, 1874), p. 96. In order to increase the compass and musical possibilities of the bugle, two methods have been adopted, the use of (r) keys and (2) valves. The application of keys to the bugle produced the Kent bugle, and later the ophicleide. The application of valves produced the family of saxhorns. The use of keys for wood wind instruments was known early in the 15th century," perhaps before. In 1438, the duke of Burgundy paid Hennequin Haulx, instrument-maker of Brussels, 4 ridres a piece for three tenor bombards with keys. In the 16th century we find a key applied to the bass flute-a-bec and later to the large tenor cornetto.2 In 1770 a horn-player named Kdlbel, belonging to the imperial Russian band, experimented with keys on the trumpet, and in 1795 Weidinger of Vienna produced a trumpet with five keys. In 1810 Joseph Halliday, the bandmaster of the Cavan militia, patented the keyed bugle, with five keys and a compass of twenty-five notes, calling it the " Royal Kent Bugle " out of compliment to the duke of Kent, who was at the time commander
chief
diameter at the mouthpiece is z in. and at the bell 5; in. The instrument has a chromatic compass of two octaves,the open notes- being (1) a 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mahillon (op. cit. p. 117) points out that the tonality of the key-bugle and kindred instruments is determined by the second harmonic given out by the open tube, the first key remaining open. To the original
sixth
being opened, the second key gives 3 4 5 6 the third key j-=_ the fourth key the fifth key e--, the sixth key a 2 The bore of the instrument is just wide enough in proportion to its length to make possible the playing of the fundamental tones in the first two series, but these notes are never used, and the harmonics above the sixth are also avoided, being of doubtful intonation. In the ophicleide, the bass of the key-bugle, the bore is sufficiently wide to produce the fundamentals of a satisfactory quality. The keyed bugle was chiefly used in B flat, a crook for B flat being frequently added to the bugle in C; the soprano bugle in E flat was also much used in military bands. The origin of the bugle, in common with that of the hunting horn, is of the highest antiquity. During the middle ages, the word " bugle " was applied to the ox and also to its horns, whether used as musical instruments or for drinking. The New English Dictionary quotes a definition of bugle dating from c. 1398: " The Bugle . . . is lyke to an oxe and is a fyers s See E. van der Straeten, La Musique aux Pays-bas, vol. vii. E. 38, where the instrument is not mentioned as a novelty; also Leon, comte de Laborde, Les Ducs de Bourgogne, pt. ii. (Preuves), (Paris, 1849), tom. i. p. 365, No. 1266. Martin Agricola, Musica Instrumentalis deudsch (Wittenberg, 1528), f. viii''. Michael Praetorius, Syntagma Musicum (Wolfenbuttel, 1618), pl. viii. No. 5. See Captain C. R. Day, Descript. Catalogue (London, 1891), pp. 168-169, and pl. xi. fig. D. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 xo xx to 13 14 15 76 Bugle an 8ve higher. 2 3 4 5 2 3 beest." 1 In 1300 a romance' contains the word used in both acceptations, " A thousand bugles of Ynde," and " tweye buglehornes and a Bowe." F. Godefroy 3 gives quotations from early French which show that, as in England, the word bugle was frequently used as an adjective, and as a verb:" IIII cogs buglieres fist soner de randon " (Qualre fils Aymon, ed. P. Tarbe, p. 32), and " I grant cor buglerenc fit en sa tor soner " (Aiol, 7457, Societe des anciens textes frangais). Tubas, horns, cornets and bugles have as common archetype the horn of ram, bull or other animal, whose form was copied and modified in bronze, wood, brass, ivory, silver, &c. Of all these instruments, the bugle has in the highest degree retained the acoustic properties and the characteristic scale of the prototype, and is still put to the original
special
2 3 4 5 6 from the second to the sixth are available. The same department of the British Museum was enriched in 1904 with a terra-cotta model (fig. 2) of a late
piece and the bell-end (the latter has been broken off). This precious relic was found at Ventoux in France and has been acquired from the collection of M. Morel. This is precisely the form of bugle now used as a badge by the first battalion of the King's Own Light Infantry c During the middle ages the use of the bugle-horn by knights Flo. 2.-Terra Cotta Model of and huntsmen, and perhaps Roman Bugle, 4th cent. (British also in naval warfare, was Museum). general in Europe, as the following additional quotations will show: " XXX cors bugleres, fait l'amirax soner " (Conq. de Jerusalem, 6811, Hippeau); " Two squyers blewe . . . with ij grete bugles hornes " (Caxton, Chron. Engl. Barthol. Trevisa, De Propr. Rebus, xviii., xv., 1495, 774. ' King Alisaunder, 5112 and 5282. Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue frantaise du IX' an X V, siecle. De re militari, bk. iii. ch. v. s See Catal. descriptif du musee instrumental du conservatoire de Bruxelles, vol. i. ( Ghent
e Maj. J. H. L. Archer, The British Army Records (London, 1888), p. 402.ccix. 192). The oliphant was a glorified bugle-horn made of rich material, such as ivory, carved and inlaid with designs in gold and silver. The history of the bugle as a military instrument is in England closely connected with the creation of the light infantry, in which it gradually superseded the drum 1 as a duty and signal instrument. It was during the 17th century that the change was inaugurated; improvements in firearms brought about the gradual abandonment of armour by the infantry, and the formation of the light infantry and the adoption of the bugle followed by degrees. One of the oldest light infantry regiments, Prince Albert's 1st Somerset Light Infantry, formed in 1685 by the earl
as in England, and still holds it own with the keyed bugle in the fine military bands of Austro-Hungary. There is in the department of prehistoric antiquities at the British Museum a fine bugle-horn belonging to the Bronze Age in Denmark; the tube, which has an accentuated conical bore, is bent in a semi-circle, and has on the inner bend a series of little rings from which were probably suspended ornaments or cords. An engraved design runs spirally round the whole length of the tube, which is in an excellent state of preservation. Meyerbeer introduced the bugle in B flat in his opera Robert-le- Diable in the scene of the resurrection of the nuns, and a bugle in A in the fifth act. See, for further information on the technique of the instrument, Logier's Introduction to the Art of Playing on the Royal Kent Bugle (London. Clementi, 1820) ; and for the use of the bugle in the French army, G. Kastner, Le Manuel general de musigue militaire (with illustrations, Paris, 1848). (K. S.) End of Article: BUGLE If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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