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Encyclopedia Britannica



BRONGNIART, ALEXANDRE (1770-1847)

This article appears in Volume V04, Page 637 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: BRI-BUN
BRONGNIART, ALEXANDRE (1770-1847) , French mineralogist and geologist, son of the eminent architect who designed the Bourse and other public buildings of Paris, was born in that city on the 5th of February 1770. At an early age he studied chemistry, under Lavoisier, and after passing through the Icole des Mines he took honours at the Ecole de Medecine; subsequently he joined the army of the Pyrenees as pharmacien; but having committed some slight political offence, he was thrown into prison and detained there for some time. Soon after his release he was appointed professor of natural history in the College des Quatre Nations. In 1800 he was made director of the Sevres
porcelain
  factory, a post which he retained to his death, and in which he achieved his greatest
work
 . In his hands Sevres became the leading
porcelain
  factory in Europe, and the researches of an able band of assistants enabled him to lay the
foundations
  of ceramic chemistry. In addition to his
work
  at Sevres, quite enough to engross the entire energy of any
ordinary
  man, he continued his more purely scientific work. He succeeded Hauy as professor of
mineralogy
  in the Museum of Natural History; but he did not confine himself to
mineralogy
 , for it is to him that we owe the division of
Reptiles
  into the four orders of Saurians, Batrachians, Chelonians and Ophidians. Fossil as well as living animals engaged his attention, and in his studies of the strata around Paris he was instrumental in establishing the Tertiary formations. In 1816 he was elected to the
Academy
 ; and in the following year he visited the Alps of Switzerland and Italy, and afterwards Sweden and Norway. The result of his observations was published from time to time in the Journal des Mines and other scientific
journals
 . Wide as was the range of his interests his most famous work was accomplished at Sevres, and his most enduring
monument
  is his classic Traite des arts ceramiques (1844). He died in Paris on the 7th of October 1847.
His other principal works are:Traite elimentaire de mineralogie, avec des applications aux arts (2 vols., Paris, 1807); Histoire naturelle des crustaces fossiles (Paris, 1822) ; Classification et caracteres mineralogiques des roches homogenes et heterogenes (Paris, 1827) ; the Tableau des terrains qui composent l' ecorce du globe, ou Essai sur.la structure de la partie connue de la terre (Paris, 1829) ; and the Traite des arts ceramiques (1844).,
Brongniart
  was also the coadjutor of Cuvier in the admirable Essai sur la geographic mineralogique des environs de Paris (Paris, 181i); originally published in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris, xi. 18o8).


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