BOULDER CLAY

This article appears in Volume V04, Page 320 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: BOS-BRI

BOULDER CLAY , in geology, a deposit of clay, often full of boulders, which is formed in and beneath glaciers and ice-sheets wherever they are found, but is in a

special

SPECIAL

sense the typical deposit of the Glacial Period in northern Europe and America. Boulder clay is variously known as " till " or " ground moraine " (Ger. Blocklehme, Geschiebsmergel or Grundmorane; Fr. argile a blocaux, moraine profonde; Swed. Krosstenslera). It is usually a stiff, tough clay devoid of stratification; though some varieties are distinctly laminated. Occasionally, within the boulder clay, there are irregular lenticular masses of more or less stratified sand,

gravel

GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

loam

LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

. As the boulder clay is the result of the abrasion (direct or indirect) of the older rocks over which the ice has travelled, it takes its colour from them; thus, in Britain,
over Triassic and Old Red Sandstone areas the clay is red, over Carboniferous rocks it is often black, over

Silurian

SILURIAN

rock

it may be buff or grey, and where the ice has passed over chalk the clay may be quite white and chalky (chalky boulder clay). Much boulder clay is of a bluish-grey colour where unexposed, but it becomes brown upon being weathered.
The boulders are held within the clay in an irregular manner, and they vary in size from mere pellets up to masses many tons in

weight

WEIGHT

. Usually they are somewhat oblong, and often they possess a flat side or " sole "; they may be angular, sub-angular, or well rounded, and, if they are hard rocks, they frequently

bear

grooves and scratches caused by contact with other rocks while held firmly in the moving ice. Like the clay in which they are borne, the boulders belong to districts over which the ice has travelled; in some regions they are mainly limestones or sandstones; in others they are granite, basalts, gneisses, &c.; indeed, they may consist of any hard

rock

. By the nature of the contained boulders it is often possible to trace the path along which a vanished ice-sheet moved; thus in the Glacial

drift

DRIFT (from "drive ")

of the

east

EAST
EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

coast

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

of England many Scandinavian rocks can be recognized. -
With the exception of foraminifera which have been found in the boulder clay of widely separated regions, fossils are practically unknown; but in some maritime districts marine shells have been incorporated with the clay. See GLACIAL PERIOD; and GLACIER.

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