BETAYNE (OXYNEURINE, LYCINE), C5H13NO3

This article appears in Volume V03, Page 828 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: BER-BLA

BETAYNE (OXYNEURINE, LYCINE), C5H13NO3 , a substance discovered in the

sugar

SUGAR

beet (Beta vulgaris) in 1869 by C. Scheibler (Bete, 1869, 2, p. 292). It is also found in

cotton

COTTON
COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
COTTON, GEORGE
EDWARD
- EDWARD
LYNCH
- LYNCH, PATRICIO (1825–1886)
(1813–1866)
COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

seed, in the

vetch

VETCH

and in wheat sprouts (E. Schulz and S. Frankfurt, Ber., 1893, z6, p. 2151). It may be synthetically prepared by oxidizing choline with chromic acid (O. Liebreich, Ber., 1869, 2, 13), (CH3)3N(O.H)CH2 CH2OH-05H13NO3+H2O; by

heating

HEATING

trimethylamine with monochloracetic acid (Liebreich), (CH3)3N+CH2C1000H= (CH3)3N(Cl)CH2.000H (betaine hydrochloride); and by

heating

HEATING

amino-acetic acid (glycocoll) with methyl iodide in the presence of an alkali (P. Griess, Ber., 1895, 8, p. 1406). It crystallizes from alcohol in large deliquescent crystals; and is readily soluble in water, but insoluble in ether. It is a weak base. As is shown by the various syntheses of the base, it is the methyl hydroxide of dimethyl glycocoll. This free base readily loses water on heating and gives an internal
anhydride of constitution (CH3)3N< 0I2>CO3 which is the
type of the so-called " betaines." These organic beta'ines are internal anhydrides of carboxylic acids, which contain an ammonium hydroxide group in the a-position. A. Hantzsch (Ber., 1886, 19, p. 31) prepared the betaines of nicotinic, picolinic and collidine carboxylic acids from the potassium salts of the acids, by treatment with methyl iodide, followed by moist silver

oxide

OXIDE

. The reaction may be shown as follows:
Cr `COvK OCOiCHs
Li0
11Rr ~ HaHaC O
The methyl betaine of nicotinic acid is identical with the alkaloid trigonelline, which was discovered in 1885 by E. Jahns in the seeds of Trigonella faenum-graecum (Ber., 1885, 18, p. 2518). It has also been obtained from nicotine by A. Pictet by oxidizing the methyl hydroxide of nicotine with potassium permanganate
(Bee., 1897, 30, p. 2117).
Substances closely related to betaine are choline, neurine and muscarine. Choline (bilineurine, sincaline), (Gr. xoX,, bile), CSH1SNO2 or HOCH2CH2N(CH3)3.OH, first isolated by A. Strecker in 1862 (Ann. 123, p. 353; 148, p. 76), is found in the bile, in brain substance, and in yolk of egg in the form of lecithin, a complex ester of glycerin with phosphoric acid and the fatty acids. It is also found in combination with sinapic acid in sinapin, the glucoside obtained from white mustard, and can be obtained from this glucoside by

hydrolysis

HYDROLYSIS (Gr. 6Swp, water, Anew, to loosen)

with baryta water,
C16H23NO5+2H20 = C5H15NO2 + CHI205.
Sinapin. Choline. Sinapic acid.
It can be synthetically prepared by the action of trimethylamine on an aqueous solution of ethylene

oxide

OXIDE

(A.

Wurtz

WURTZ, CHARLES ADOLPHE (1817–1884)

, Ann. Suppl., 1868, 6, p. 201). If forms deliquescent crystals of strongly alkaline reaction, and absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. It is not poison-. ous. By continued boiling of its aqueous solution, it is resolved into glycol and trimethylamine.
Neurine, trimethyl vinyl ammonium hydroxide (Gr. vsUpov,

nerve

NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

), CH2:CHN(CH3)3.OH, is a product of the putrefaction of albumen. It may be prepared by the action of moist silver oxide on ethylene dibromide and trimethylamine,
CH2BrCH2Br>CH2Br.CH2N(CH3)3Br-->CH2:CHN(CH3)3OH.
It is a crystalline solid, very soluble in water, and is strongly basic and very poisonous. M uscarine, C5H15NO3, is an exceedingly poisonous substance found in many fungi. It may be obtained synthetic-ally by oxidizing choline with dilute nitric acid (O. Schmiedeberg, Jahresb., 1876, p. 804). The exact constitution has not yet been definitely determined.

End of Article: BETAYNE (OXYNEURINE, LYCINE), C5H13NO3

If you wish, you can link directly to this article.

<a href="http://jcsm.org/StudyCenter/Encyclopedia/BER_BLA/BETAYNE_OXYNEURINE_LYCINE_C5H1.html">
BETAYNE (OXYNEURINE, LYCINE), C5H13NO3
</a>

(Previous)
BET

(Next)
BETEL NUT

JCSM was founded in 1997 and exists to help the community and bring people into a life-changing and productive relationship with Jesus Christ. JCSM offers over 200,000 free web pages, including its weekly inspirational emails that were sent continuously for over a decade.

Jesus Christ Saves Ministries
P.O. Box 9297
San Diego, CA 92169
1-888-887-0417 or Email