BAXTER, ANDREW (1686-1750)

This article appears in Volume V03, Page 551 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: BAR-BEC

BAXTER, ANDREW (1686-1750) , Scottish metaphysician,
was born in Aberdeen and educated at King's College. He maintained himself by acting as tutor to noblemen's sons. From 1741 to 1747 he lived with Lord Blantyre and Mr Hay of Drummelzier at

Utrecht

UTRECHT
UTRECHT, TREATY OF

, and made excursions in Flanders, France and Germany. Returning to

Scotland

, he lived at Whittingehame, near Edinburgh, till his death in 1750. At Spa he had met John Wilkes, then twenty years of age, and formed a lasting friendship with him. His

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

work

WORK

, An Inquiry into
the Nature of the Human Soul (editions 1733, 1737 and 1745; with appendix added in 1750 in answer to an attack in Mac-
laurin's Account of Sir I. Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, and dedication to John Wilkes), examines the properties of matter. The, one essential property of matter is its inactivity, vis inertiae (accepted later by

Monboddo

MONBODDO, JAMES BURNETT, LORD (1714-1799)

). All

movement

MOVEMENT

in matter is, therefore, caused by some immaterial force, namely, God. But the movements of the

body

BODY

are not analogous to the movements of matter; they are caused by a

special

SPECIAL

immaterial force, the soul. The soul, as being immaterial, is immortal, and its consciousness does not depend upon its connexion with the

body

BODY

. The argument is supported by an

analysis

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

of the phenomena of dreams, which are ascribed to direct spiritual influences. Lastly Baxter attempted to prove that matter is finite. His

work

WORK

is an attack on Toland's Letters to Serena (1704), which argued that motion is essential to matter, and on Locke and Berkeley. His criticism of Berkeley (in the second volume) is, however, based on the common misinterpretation of his theory (see BERKELEY). Sir

Leslie

Stephen speaks of him as a curious example of " the effects of an exploded metaphysics on a feeble though ingenious
intellect."
Beside the Inquiry, Baxter wrote Matho sive Cosmotheoria
Puerilis (an exposition in Latin of the elements of astronomy written for his pupilseditions in English 1740, 1745 and 1765, with one dialogue re-written); Evidence of Reason in Proof of the Immortality of the Soul (published posthumously from MSS.
by Dr Duncan in 1779).
See life in Biographia Britannica; McCosh's Scottish Philosophy,
PP. 42-49.

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