BAR, CONFEDERATION OF

This article appears in Volume V03, Page 378 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: BAI-BAR

BAR, CONFEDERATION OF , a famous confederation of the Polish nobles and gentry formed at the little fortress of Bar in Podolia in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of Poland against the aggressions of the Russian government as represented by her representative at Warsaw, Prince Nicholas Repnin. The originators of this confederation were

Adam

Krasinski,

bishop

of Kamenets, Osip Pulawski and Michael Krasinski. King

Stanislaus

STANISLAUS

was at first inclined to mediate between the confederates and Russia; but finding this impossible, sent a force against them under the grand hetman Ksawery Branicki and two generals, who captured Bar. Nevertheless, a simultaneous outbreak of a jacquerie in Little-Russia contributed to the extension of the confederation throughout the eastern province of Poland and even in Lithuania. The con-federates, thereupon, appealed for help abroad and contributed to bring about a war between Russia and Turkey. So serious indeed was the situation that Frederick II. advised Catherine to come to terms with the confederates. Their bands under Ignaty Malchewsky, Michael Pac and Prince Charles Radziwill ravaged the land in every direction, won several engagements over the Russians, and at last, utterly ignoring the king, sent envoys on their own account to the principal European powers. In 1770 the Council of the Confederation was transferred from its

original

ORIGINAL

seat in Silesia to

Hungary

HUNGARY
HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

, from whence it conducted diplomatic negotiations with France, Austria and Turkey with the view of forming a league against Russia. The court of

Versailles

VERSAILLES

sent Dumouriez to act as

commander

COMMANDER

-in-

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

of the confederates, but neither as a soldier nor as a politician did this adroit adventurer particularly distinguish himself, and his account of his experiences is very unfair to the confederates. Among other blunders, he pronounced King

Stanislaus

STANISLAUS

tyrant

TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

and a traitor at the very moment when he was about to accede to the Confederation. The king thereupon reverted to the Russian

faction

FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

and the Confederation lost the confidence of Europe. Nevertheless, its army, thoroughly reorganized by Dumouriez, gallantly maintained the hopeless struggle for some years, and it was not till 1776 that the last traces of it disappeared.
See Alexander Kraushar, Prince Repnin in Poland (Pol.) (Warsaw, 1900); F. A. Thesby de Belcour, The Confederates of Bar (Pol.) (Cracow, 1895) ; Charles Francois Dumouriez, Memoires et correspondence (Paris, 1834). (R. N. B.) ,

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