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Encyclopedia Britannica



BARCLAY DE TOLLY, MICHAEL ANDREAS

This article appears in Volume V03, Page 395 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: BAI-BAR
BARCLAY DE TOLLY, MICHAEL ANDREAS , called by the Russians MICHAEL, PRINCE BOGDANOVICH (17611818), Russian field
marshal
 , was born in
Livonia
  in 1761. He was a descendant of a Scottish family which had settled in Russia in the 17th century. He entered the Russian army at an early age. In 17881789 he served against the Turks, in 1990 and 1794 against the Swedes and Poles. He became colonel in 1798 and major-general in 1799. In the war of 18o6 against
Napoleon
 , Barclay took a distinguished part in the battle of Pultusk and was wounded at
Eylau
 , where his conduct won him promotion to the rank of lieut.-general. In 18o8 he commanded against the Swedes in Finland, and in 18og by a rapid and daring
march
  over the frozen Gulf of Bothnia he surprised and seized Umeo. In 1810 he was made minister of war, and he retained the post until 1813. In 1812 Barclay was given command of one of the armies operating against
Napoleon
 . There was very keen opposition to the appointment of a foreigner as
commander
 -in-
chief
 , and after he was defeated at Smolensk the outcry was so
great
  that he resigned his command and took a subordinate place under the veteran Kutusov. Barclay was present at Borodino, but left the army soon afterwards. In 1813 he was re-employed in the field and took part in the campaign in Germany. After the battle of Bautzen he was reinstated as
commander
 -in-
chief
  of the Russian forces, and in this capacity he served at Dresden, Kulm and
Leipzig
 . After the last battle he was made a
count
 . He took part in the invasion of France in 1814 and at Paris received the baton of a field
marshal
 . In 1815 he was again commander-in-chief of the Russian army which invaded France, and he was made a prince at the close of the war. He died at Insterburg in Prussia on the 14th (16th) of May 1818.


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