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Encyclopedia Britannica



BAIRAM

This article appears in Volume V03, Page 224 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: BAI-BAR
BAIRAM , a Perso-Turkish word meaning "festival," applied in Turkish to the two
principal
  festivals of
Islam
 . The first of these, according to the calendar, is the "Lesser Festival," called by the Turks Kiitshiik Bairam ("Lesser Bairam"), or Sheker Bairam ("
Sugar
  Bairam"), and by Arabic-speaking Moslems `Id al-Fitr (" Festival of Fast-breaking"), or Al-'id a--.agar (" Lesser Festival"). It follows immediately the ninth or the fasting-month, Ramadan, occupying the first three days of the tenth month, Shawwal. It is, therefore, also called by Turks Ramadan Bairam, and exhibits more outward signs of rejoicing than the technically " Greater Festival." Official receptions are held on it, and private visits paid; friends congratulate one another, and presents are given; new clothes
are put on, and the
graves
  of relatives are visited. The second, or " Greater Festival," is called by the Turks ()urban Bairam, Sacrifice Bairam," and by Arabic speakers Al-'id al-kabir, " Greater Festival,". or '14 al-atlha, " Festival of Sacrifice." It falls on the tenth, and two or three following days, of the last month, Dhu-l-hijja, when the pilgrims each slay a ram, a he-goat, a cow or a camel in the valley of Mina in commemoration of the
ransom
  of
Ishmael
  with a ram. Similarly throughout the Moslem world, all who can afford it sacrifice at this time a legal animal, and either consume the flesh themselves or give it to the poor. Otherwise it is celebrated like the " Lesser Festival," but with less ardour. Both festivals, of course, belong to a lunar calendar, and move through the solar year every thirty-two years.
See
Lane
 's
Modern
  Egyptians, chap. xxv.;
Michell
 , Egyptian Calendar; Hughes, Dictionary of
Islam
 , pp. 192 ff.; Sir R. Burton,
Pilgrimage
 , chaps. vii., xxx. (D. B. MA.)


End of Article: BAIRAM


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