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Encyclopedia Britannica



AVERNUS

This article appears in Volume V03, Page 58 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: AUD-BAI
AVERNUS , a lake of Campania, Italy, about 11 m. N. of Baiae. It is an old volcanic crater, nearly 2 M. in circumference, now, as in Roman times, filled with water. Its depth is 213 ft., and its height above sea-level 31 ft.; it has no natural outlet. In ancient times it was surrounded by dense forests, and was the centre of many legends. It was represented as the entrance by which both Odysseus and Aeneas descended to the infernal regions, and as the abode of the
Cimmerii
 . Its Greek name, "Aopvos, was explained to mean that no bird could fly across it. Hannibal made a
pilgrimage
  to it in 214 B.C. Agrippa in 37 B.C. converted it into a naval harbour, the Portus Julius; joining it to the Lacus Lucrinus by a canal, and connecting the latter with the sea, he reduced the distance to Cumae by boring a tunnel over 2 m. in length, now called Grotta della Pace, through the hill on the north-west side of Lake Avernus. After Sextus Pompeius had been subdued, the
chief
  naval harbour was transferred to
Misenum
 . Nero's works for his proposed canal from Baiae to the Tiber (A.D. 64) seem to have begun near,Lake Avernus; indeed, according to one tl}eory, the Grotta della Pace would be a portion of this canal. On the
east
  side of the lake are remains of baths, including a
great
  octagonal
hall
  known as the Temple of Apollo, built of brickwork, and belonging to the 1st century. The so-called Grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl, on the
south
  side, is a
rock
 -cut passage, ventilated by vertical apertures, possibly a part of the works connected with the naval harbour. To the
south
 -
east
  of the lake is the Monte Nuovo, a volcanic hill upheaved in 1538, with a deep extinct crater in the centre. To the south is the Lacus Lucrinus.
See J. Beloch, Campanien (2nd ed., Breslau, 1890), pp. 168 seq. (T. As.)


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