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Encyclopedia Britannica



ARBELA (ARBA`IL, i.e. " Four-god-city")

This article appears in Volume V02, Page 323 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: APO-ARN
ARBELA (ARBA`IL, i.e. " Four-god-city") , an ancient town in Adiabene, the
capital
  in Assyrian and pre-Assyrian times of the country between the greater and lesser Zab, and seat of an important cult of Ishtar. The battle in which Alexander )verthrew Darius in 331 B.C., though named in the old books after
Arbela
 , was probably fought at Gaugamela, some 6o m. away (Yorck von Wartenburg, Kurze Ubersicht der Feldziige A. des Gr.). The modern town of Erbil or Arbil, in the vilayet of Mosul, is about 40 M. from Mosul on the road to Bagdad. The greater
part
  of the town, which seems at one time to have been very large, is situated on an artificial mound about 150 ft. high. It became the seat of the Ayyubite
sultan
  Saladin in 1184; was bequeathed in 1233 to the caliphs of Bagdad; was plundered by the Mongols in 1236 and in 1393 by Timur, and was taken in 1732 by the Persians under Nadir Shah. In the 4th century the Christians were almost exterminated. The
population
 , which varies from 2000 to 6000, is chiefly composed of Kurds.
The ruins of another
ARBELA
  (Irbid, Beth-Arbel) in Palestine, situated near the west shore of the Sea of Galilee, a little north of its centre, are not in themselves of high
interest
 , but the site is noteworthy through its connexion with the neighbouring caves in the lofty flank of the Wadi Hamam, above which Arbela stood. These caves (called by the Arabs Kulat ibn Ma'an) are apparently natural, but were enlarged and fortified. They were used by the inhabitants of Arbela as a place of
refuge
  from the army of Bacchides, general of Demetrius III., king of Syria, and were the resort of bandits in the reign of
Herod
  the
Great
 . He laid siege to them, and his men could only gain access to the caves by being let down from above. The caves were also fortified against the Romans by Josephus.


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