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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: ANC-APO |
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ANTIETAM , the name of a Maryland creek, near which, on the 16th-17th of September 1862, was fought the battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg (see AMERICAN CIVIL WAR), between the Federals under McClellan and the Confederates commanded by Lee. General McClellan had captured the passes of South Mountain farther east on the 14th, and his Army of the Potomac marched to meet Lee's forces which, hitherto divided, had, by the 16th, successfully concentrated between the Antietam and the Potomac. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia occupied a position which, in relation to the surrounding country, may be compared to the string
drawn
string
sharp
bear on McClellan to renew the fight, but he refused and Lee retired across the Potomac unmolested. The Army of the Potomac had lost 11,832 men out of 46,000 engaged; the cavalry and two corps in reserve had only lost 578. Lee's 31,200 men lost over 8000 of their number.See the bibliography appended to AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, and also General Palfrey's Antietam and Fredericksburg. ANTI-FEDERALISTS, the name given in the political history of the United States to those who, after the formation of the federal Constitution of 1787, opposed its ratification by the people of the several states. The " party " (though it was never regularly organized as such) was composed of statesrights, particularistic, individualistic and radical democratic elements; that is, of those persons who thought that a stronger government threatened the sovereignty and prestige of the states, or the special interests, individual or commercial, of localities, or the liberties of individuals, or who fancied they saw in the government proposed a new centralized, disguised "monarchic" power that would only replace the cast-off despotism of Great Britain. In every state the apposition to the Constitution was strong, and in twoNorth Carolina and Rhode Islandit prevented ratification until the definite establishment of the new government practically forced their adhesion. The individualistic was the strongest element of opposition; the necessity, or at least the desirability, of a bill of rights was almost universally felt. Instead of accepting the Constitution upon the condition of amendments,in which way they might very likely have secured large concessions,the Anti-Federalists stood for unconditional rejection, and public opinion , which went against them, proved that for all its shortcomings the Constitution was regarded as preferable to the Articles of Con-federation. After the inauguration of the new government, the composition of the Anti-Federalist party changed. The Federalist (q.v.) party gradually showed broad-construction, nationalistic tendencies; the Anti-Federalist party became a strict-construction party and advocated popular rights against the asserted aristocratic, centralizing tendencies of its opponent, and gradually was transformed into the Democratic-Republican party, mustered and led by Thomas Jefferson, who, however, had approved the ratification of the Constitution and was not, therefore, an Anti-Federalist in the original
See O. G. Libby, Geographical Distribution of the Vote . . on the Federal Constitution, 1787-1788 (University of Wisconsin, Bulletin, 1894); S. B. Harding, Contest over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in . Massachusetts (Harvard University Studies, New York
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