ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)

This article appears in Volume V01, Page 972 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: ANC-APO

ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly) , the Christian Apostle, brother of Simon Peter, was born at Bethsaida on the Lake of Galilee. He had been a disciple of John the Baptist (John i. 37-40) and was one of the first to follow Jesus. He lived at Capernaum (Mark i. 29). In the gospel story he is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus (Mark xiii. 3; John vi. 8, xii. 22); in Acts there is only a bare mention of him (i. 13). Tradition relates that he preached in Asia

Minor

and in

Scythia

SCYTHIA (Gr. EKuOia)

. along the Black Sea as far as the

Volga

VOLGA (known to the
Tatars
- TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)
as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

. Hence he became a patron saint of Russia. He is said to have suffered crucifixion at Patras (Patrae) in Achaea, on a

cross

CROSS

of the form called Crux decussata (X) and commonly known as " St Andrew's

cross

CROSS

." According to tradition his relics were removed from Patras to

Constantinople

CONSTANTINOPLE
CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

, and thence to St Andrews (see below). The apocryphal book, The Acts of Andrew, mentioned by Eusebius, Epiphanius and others, is generally attributed to Leucius the Gnostic. It was edited and published by C. Tischendorf in the Ada Apostolorum apocrypha (

Leipzig

LEIPZIG

, 1821). This book, as well as a Gospel of St Andrew, was declared apocryphal by a decree of

Pope

Gelasius. Another version of the Andrew legend is found in the Passio Andreae, published by Max Bonnet (Supplementum II Codicis apocryphi, Paris, 1895). On this was founded an Anglo-Saxon poem (" Andreas and Elene," first published by J. Grimm, 1841; cf. C. W. Goodwin, The Anglo-Saxon Legends of S. Andreas and S. Veronica, 1851). The festival of St Andrew is held on the 3oth of November.
See APoe RYPHAL LITERATURE; also Lipsius, Die apokryphen Apostelgeschichten vnd Apostellegenden, vol. i. (1883), and Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, s.v.
Scottish Legends.About the middle of the 8th century Andrew became the patron saint of

Scotland

. Concerning this there are several legends which state that the relics of Andrew were brought under supernatural guidance from

Constantinople

CONSTANTINOPLE
CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

to the place where the modern St Andrews stands (Pictish, Muckross; Gaelic, Kilrymont). The oldest stories (preserved in the Colbertine MSS., Paris, and the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum) state that the relics were brought by one Regulus to the Pictish king Angus (or Ungus) Macfergus (c. 731-761). The only historical Regulus (Riagail or

Rule

RULE

, whose name is preserved by the tower of St

Rule

RULE

) was an Irish monk expelled from Ireland with St Columba; his date, however, is c. 573600. There are good reasons for supposing that the relics were origin-ally in the collection of Acca, bishop of Hexham, who took them into Pictland when he was driven from Hexham (c. 732), and founded a see, not, according to tradition, in Galloway, but on the site of St Andrews. The connexion with Regulus is, therefore, due in all probability to the desire to date the foundation of the church at St Andrews as early as possible.
See A. Lang, St Andrews (London, 1893), pp. 4 ff. ; W. F. Skene, Celtic

Scotland

; also the article ST ANDREWS.

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