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Encyclopedia Britannica



AHMAD IBN HANBAL (78o-855)

This article appears in Volume V01, Page 431 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: ADA-AIZ
AHMAD IBN HANBAL (78o-855) , the founder, involuntarily and after his death, of the Hanbalite school of
canon
  law, was born at Bagdad in A.H. 164 (A.D. 780) of parents from Mery but of Arab stock. He studied the Koran and its traditions (hadith, sunna) there and on a student journey through
Mesopotamia
 , Arabia and Syria. After his return to Bagdad he studied under ash-
Shaft
  i between 195 and 198, and became, for his
life
 , a devoted Shafi-`ite. But his position in both theology and law was more narrowly traditional than that of ash-Shafi'I; he rejected all reasoning, whether orthodox or heretical in its conclusions, and stood for acceptance on tradition (nagl), only from the Fathers. (See further on this,
MAHOMMEDAN
  RELIGION and
MAHOMMEDAN
  LAW.) In consequence, when al-Ma'mun and, after him, al-Mo'tasim and al-Wathiq tried to force upon the people the rationalistic Mo'tazilite
doctrine
  that the Koran was created, Ibn IJanbal, the most prominent and popular theologian who stood for the old view, suffered with others grievous imprisonment and scourging. In 234, under al-Motawakkil, the Koran was finally decreed uncreated, and Ibn IJanbal, who had come through this trial better than any of the other theologians, enjoyed an immense popularity with the
mass
  of the people as a saint, confessor and ascetic. He died at Bagdad in 241 (A.D. 855) and was buried there. There was
much popular excitement at his funeral, and his tomb was known and visited until at least the 14th century A.D,
On his
great
 
work
 , the Musnad, a collection of some thirty thou-sand selected traditions, see
Goldziher
  in ZDMG, 1. 45 if. For his
life
  and works generally see W. M. Patten, Ahmed cbn Hanbal and the Mihna; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arab. Lit. i. r81 ff.; F. Wiistenfeld, Schafe'iten, 55 ff. ; M'G. de Slane's transl. of Ibn Khallikan, i. 44 ff.; Macdonald, Development of Muslim Theology, 11o, 157, index. (D. B. Mi,.)


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