ABGAR

This article appears in Volume V01, Page 62 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: A10-ADA

ABGAR , a name or title borne by a line of kings or toparchs, apparently twenty-nine in number, who reigned in Osrhoene and had their

capital

CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

it Edessa about the time of the Christian era. According to an old tradition, one of these princes, perhaps Abgar V. (Ukkama or Uchomo, " the black "), being afflicted with leprosy, sent a

letter

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the
alphabet
- ALPHABET (see also WRITING)
; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

to Jesus, acknowledging his divinity, craving his help and offering him an asylum in his own residence, but Jesus wrote a

letter

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the
alphabet
- ALPHABET (see also WRITING)
; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

declining to go, promising, however, that after his ascension he would send one of his disciples. These letters are given by

Eusebius

(Eccl. Hist. i. 13), who declares that the Syriac document from which he translates them had been preserved in the archives at Edessa from the time of Abgar.

Eusebius

also states that in due course Judas, son of Thaddaeus, was sent (in 340= A.D. 29). In another form of the story, de-rived from Moses of Chorene, it is said further that Jesus sent his portrait to Abgar, and that this existed in Edessa (Hist. Armen., ed. W.

Whiston

WHISTON, WILLIAM (1667-1752)

, ii. 29-32). Yet another version is found in the Syriac Doctrina Addaei (Addaeus = Thaddaeus), edited by G. Phillips (1876). Here it is said that the reply of Jesus was given not in writing, but verbally, and that the event took place in 343 (A.D. 32). Greek forms of the legend are found in tale Acta Thaddaei (C. Tischendorf, Acta apostolorutx apocr. 261 ff.).
These stories have given rise to much discussion. The testimony of

Augustine

AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

and Jerome is to the effect that Jesus wrote nothing. The correspondence was rejected as apocryphal by

Pope

Gelasius and a Roman Synod (c. 495), though, it is true.. this view has not been shared universally by the Roman churck (Tillemont, Memoires, i. 3, pp. 990 ff.). Amongst Evangelicals the spuriousness of the letters is almost generally admitted. Lipsius (Die Edessenische Abgarsage, 1880) has pointed out anachronisms which seem to indicate that the story is quite unhistorical. The first king of Edessa of whom we have any trustworthy information is Abgar VIII., bar Ma'nu (A.D. 176-213). It is suggested that the legend arose from a desire to trace the christianizing of his kingdom to an apostolic source.
Eusebius gives the legend in its oldest form; it was worked up in the Doctrina Addaei in the second half of the 4th

century

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

; and Moses of Chorene was dependent upon both these sources.

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